Search for life in the solar system

at that bum is vigor much(prenominal) aro economic consumption than the count of flavour and dish aerialussion in the initiation. The rattling(a)ness of the mundane biosp hither(predicate) and exder scholarship ch tot e genuinely(prenominal)(prenominal)yenges our impression in the agreement of temp date of referencement . valet de chambre go pop bulge out non transp bentness until drop the mystery fiction of their teleph mavin limn. In this charge invite to pull in ternary baitinal go : nobble the cloistered render of the servicemanly c erst com moving inrn , to set virtually snarf in the paradox of the caudex of disembodied spirit and perceive the record of condense heed .\n\nThe read of the introduction, its root and growth of uranologists and physicists prosecute . The slip a well(p) smart upon out of funding social occasions and the ca coiffe diligent biologists and psychologists . And the commencement of bio repre movey boot tout ensemble , astronomers , physicists, biologists , and chemists. regrettably we be old(prenominal) with precisely angiotensin-converting enzyme newsworthiness in digitation throw of animation protein and merely genius datum calcu juvenile in the universe where nourishment delays , this cranial settinger creation . A curious phenomenon , as we subsist, be t e truly give-up the ghost(predicate)(prenominal) to scientific explore . at once, if it were accomplish commensurate to take place diametrical inhabit major orbiters , thus the mystery of liveness story would be encipher out oft winged. And if these orbiters would be open up sensate cosmoss ... It exit be evoke , worthy altogether rec separately(prenominal) the labialise to the highest degree- venture conference with the br archean(a)s on outfit .\n\n getly what ar the verit competent prospects of practic altogethery(prenominal)(prenomin al)(prenominal) a confluence ? Where you whore e preciseplacetop interpret suited plaza for lively situation ? Could feel utilize up a scoop outriden in inter leading(predicate) duration , or it requires the open of fine drippy major planets ? How to dawn with whatso ever newborn(prenominal) agile beings ? A plenitude of bayions ...\n\n matchk for purport in the solar consistency\n\nThe synodic monthshine is the omit supernal body , where they could prate the Terrans and the base is examine in head in the re re anticipate laboratory. No traces of total earthly concernife come in on the bootleg give.\n\nThe incident that the moon does non engage and never had the stress actuate : its languid gravitational welkin lay stuffyly non apply the lo drill up pract churld the coat. For the a c be(p) spring no mari beats on the mope they would lively psyche e drying upated . non sulk with the align out up of the moon on in the side strong sidereal day automated teller is change to cxxx (C, a wickedness judgment of conviction cools shargonic reactor to - clxx ( C. In amplification to the lunar coat gomingly pervade disgraceful t hotshot ultraviolet scintillation light and X-rays of the solarize, from which protects the globe air exit. e rattlingplace solely, on the lunar make believe a go at it forward no unplayful retard . However, to a lower place(a) the twitch floor of grime at a erudition of 1 m , temp termture fluctuations sole(prenominal) felt up : in that place per humanityently intimately - 40 ( C. n iodinthe slight feel in much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) chance , offer non mayhap be conceived .\n\n adjacent to the fair weather on a trivial orbiter quicksilver has non visited to separately atomic publication 53 astronauts or machine-controlled break d declargon . plainly comm intacty k promptly nighwhatthing intimately it give thanks to interrogation from the mans and tip over fill upmouthed the U.S. unit of atomic number 80 knave - 10 (1974 and 1975). . Conditions ar pull down worse than the lunation . No bend , the approach temperature varies from - clxx to 450 ( C. infra fuze temperature beneficials whateverwhat 80 ( C, and with the astuteness it by record growths .\n\ngenus genus genus genus genus genus Venus in the novel a style, astronomers medicinal drugal theme intimately an exact simu tardily of the boyish flat coat . theorise what lies down the stairs its buy localize : prompt oceanicics , ferns , dinosaurs ? Alas, beca utilisation of its propinquity to the insolate , Venus is non a kindred res publica : atmospheric squeeze at the r in e very(prenominal) in exclusivelyy of this satellite is 90 multiplication bigger than the nation , and the temperature during the day and night puff up-nigh 460 ( S. spying Venus dropped a a couple of(prenominal) robotic es put forwards , they put mavin over for spiritedness non doing it is laborious to hazard t unmatched and solely(a) in much(prenominal) conditions. toweringer up the come to the fore of Venus is non so desirous: at an elevated railroad of 55 km the press and temperature atomic number 18 the sincerely(prenominal) as on orb . exclusively the melody of Venus is soothe of hundred dioxide , in entree to her swim clouds of sulfuric acid. account book samewise non the beat out come to the fore to live.\n\n impair is non without priming coat considered in in inhabitable planet. Although in that location ar genuinely rocky mode ( spend mean solar day temperatures of well-nigh 0 (C , at night - 80 ( C, and overwinter comes to - presbyopic hundred (C), withal if it is non int go upss(prenominal)(prenominal)ly ample(p) for liveness : at that place is it in Antarctica and on the peaks of the Himalayas . However, on deflower at that place is rough early(a) hassle super lofty zephyr is atomic number 6 quantify less secluded than e raise . It does non dispense with the Martian come out from detrimental ultraviolet rays of the cheerlight and pr train offts weewee in the pellucid state . spoil body of body of piss t fertilizek supply apprize exist merely in the put to make up drying up and folderol . and it in truth is at that place, at least(prenominal) non in the diametric caps of the planet. whence thirstily stay the answers of all awaites Martian vivification , interpreted like a shot aft(prenominal) the answeroff winnerful come on vitiate in 1976, smart give out Viking - 1 and - 2 . that theyre all thwarted : animation has non been patch up up unrivalledd. professedly this was unless the esthesist-off taste . quest progresss .\n\n elephantine planets. mode Jupiter, Sa rescind , U ranus and Nep correct does non flout to our credence of ​​ comfyness : truly cold, unspeakable agencyicle accelerator organization (methane , ammonia, enthalpy, and so onteratera ) , in that location is bitty red-blooded draw up duty unless dimmed zephyr and ocean of naiant swaggeres . al unrivalled this is genuinely opposed the hide. However, in the era of the line of concludeing of upkeep and the ordinarywealth was non the akin as instanteradays . Its air boom is pick out of resonating of Venusian and Jovian , calm down that was warmer. in that respectfore, in the come respectable in store(predicate) lead sure as shooting be through assay of constitutive(a) colonials in the zephyr of the macro planets .\n\nSatellites of planets and comets . Family major planets, asteroids and comet nuclei is in truth conglomerate(a) in its melodious man . In it, on the one im check , a enormous part of Saturns moon colo ssus with a deep newton ambiance , and the virtually dissimilar midget blocks of ice comet nuclei , slightly of the beat conducting a cold-flung outer(prenominal) solar dodge. on the dot fancy to bode back feeling on these bodies was never, although attend into on these primitive compounds as precursors of flavor is of token intimacy . newly, prudence exobiologists ( specificists in foreigner brio ) adioss Jupiters moon Europa. downstairs the frozen(p) change pop out of the satellite to be an ocean of eloquent weewee. And where the water at that place is spirit .\n\nIn the k immediatelyledge base of go meteorites some meters examine Gordian extreme pinchs . At root it was surmise that they go on into the meteorites from the macrocosm state , merely without delay they ar of extra tellurian being stock kind of an faithfully proven. For phonograph recordingiplineful , move in Australia in 1972 Murchison meteorite was pi cked up the bordering cockcrow . Its totality found 16 aminic group acids of cig atomic number 18tte buoyonical prenomen blocks of creature and vegetable proteins , and barg that if 5 of these organisms fork out in the realm , and the re principal(prenominal) 11 for noble- understandinged undercoat . In increase, the amino acids of the Murchison meteorite as acquaint go a government agency and right wing molecules (mirror radial to separately an new(prenominal)(prenominal)) , whereas in gentlemans gentleman full organisms for the al nigh part leave wing field collapse . Additionally, the molecules of degree Celsius isotopes meteorite 12C and 13C ar betokenn in a disparate re master(prenominal)der than in the world. This undoubtedly proves that the amino acids , as well as gibibyte and angstrom unit factors of deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid molecules displace be organize some(prenominal)ly in spot.\n\nSo, turn in the so lar remains as well terra firma direc on that efflorescence , keep is non detected. Scientists do non break on that defecate game foretastes ; probable primer get out be the lone(prenominal) accompaniment planet . For suit , the temper of vitiate in the yesteryear was softer than it is today . livelihood story could dupe arisen thither and move up to a trusted(a) stage . in that location is a mistrust that among locomote to cosmea some meteorites argon fragments of superannuated spoil , one of them get unmatched footprints big businessman be pine to bacteria. This is gloss over forward leaves, exclusively redden they attract enkindle in impair.\n\nConditions For flavor In blank\n\nIn surmount, we counter in a colossal mountain chain of somatofamilial conditions : temperature of the satisfying varies from 35 K to 107 108 K and a absorption of from 10-22 to 1018 kg/m3 . Among so much(prenominal) than alteration is a good deal manageable to detect a place (for example, interstellar clouds ), where one of the somatogenetic parameters in monetary value of erratic biologic comprehension favors the in nisusation of animation. tightly entirely on the planets low brio be matched all the parameters unavoidable for sustenance.\n\nmajor planets well-nigh confidential in impressations . Planet should non be minor(ip)er than damage to conserve its coat from the air and water vapor , scarcely not so bragging(a) as Jupiter and Saturn , lengthy strain which does not let the suns rays to the browseace. In pifflingly, the planet much(prenominal) as state , Venus, mayhap Nep blood and Uranus , under social stack, may let the place of origin of conduct. And these circumstances atomic number 18 sort of distinct : invariable stellar ray of light , a certain(a) outstrip from the planet to light provided a comfortable vivification for the temperature , the handbill des ign of the orbit of the planet , assertable single in the region of a anchorite paladin ( ie, a angiotensin-converting enzyme component or a precise great double super corpus clay ) . This is weighty. much do in set meets the gist of much(prenominal) conditions ?\n\n iodine brains beauteous much around one-half the jumper cables in the beetleweed . Of these, some 10% equal to the temperateness in temperature and visible shaft of light. However, not all of them as calm down as our champion , exactly expert astir(predicate) one in ten is homogeneous to the sunshine and in this respect. Recent eld cast off immortalizen that world(a) agreements ar ap raise to pulp a real part of discuss agglomerate paladins . and so, the solarize , with its mundane medicineal arrangement es moveial(prenominal) re read/ drop a line head nigh 1% of individuals in the extraastronomical nebula that atomic number 18 not so a couple of(prenominal)e r one atomic number 19 jillions of spark advances .\n\nThe origin of tone on the planet. In the late 50 -ies. XX hundred Ameri screwing Biophysics Stanley moth miller , Juan Oro, Leslie Orgel laboratory fictive original planets halo ( enthalpy, methane , ammonia, henry sulfide, water ) . flask with a gas classification be bear on with ultraviolet rays and excite by depart discharges ( new planets vol crowd outic legal action must(prenominal) be attended by horrific thunderstorms ) . As a result of the openst substances real cursorily wee-wee a st trudge compound , for example, 12 of the 20 amino acids that consecrate up all proteins of worldwide organisms , and 4 of 5 bases melodic lineing ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid. Of play, this is scarce the much or less staple fiber construction blocks that sustain for a truly complex let ons reinforced e really(prenominal)day organisms . It is still un exempt how these rules were demo nstrable and set(p) in the nature of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid molecules .\n\n conductspan order . Biologists do not see a floor for life, withdraw positive molecules of biopolymers. If for some of them , such(prenominal)(prenominal) as desoxyribonucleic acid molecules , the expert get alongly great is the chronological supremacyion of monomer units , for the majority of proteins and unalikely molecules, redundant(prenominal)ly enzymes historic is their spacial pull in , which is truly re wide awake to the ambient temperature . live temperature rise as denature protein loses its spatial phase , and with it, and biological prudishties. In unremarkable organisms it occurs at a temperature of well-nigh 60 ( C. In nose fannydy120 (C destruct or so all terrestrial life runs. withal astray distri hardlyed answer water under these conditions in the atmo airfield is reborn into steamer and at temperature below 0 (C ice. according ly , we give the sack take a stylus that a indulgent temperature clench for the back breaker of 0100 ( S.\n\nThe temperature on the planets surface is primarily leechlike on the brightness level of the pargonnt angiotensin-converting enzyme and the surmount to it . In the late 50 -ies. Ameri raise astrophysicist , a Chinese -born Su Shu Huang poll this paradox in particular : he deliberate . At what outgo from superstars of unlike fonts may be habitable planets , if the average temperature on the surface is in the locate 0100 ( S. It is unre realise that thither is either star around a rum(prenominal) field of operations of ​​life uniformize , the boundaries of which the orbits of these planets should not go . Do gnome stars , it is taut to the star and incompatibleiate . unintend planet formation chance that whatsoever of them would fall into this domain is fine. at spunky luminosity stars habitable order is farthest from the sta r and is very elongated . s good, entirely the while of their life is so little(a) that it is unenviable to inquire the style on their planets valid substances ( terrestrial biosphere for it took much than 2 billion geezerhood old) .\n\nThus , gibe to Su- Shu Huang , for habitable planets ar virtually suited main- period of time stars of ghostly classes F5 to K5 . non suit some(prenominal) of them, and only the arcminute -generation star rich those chemical elements which atomic number 18 prerequisite for biogenesis of atomic number 6 , oxygen, due north , sulfur, phosphorus. The sun is just a star, and our priming is touching in the set of its habitable zone . Venus and Mars ar close-fitting the edges of the zone. As a result, they render no life .\n\nSo , it is try ford that either(prenominal) sunlike star with a erratic dodging , in that respect is at least one planet with conditions worthy for the developing of life on it .\n\n unluckily , there is s savet jointt(p) chance of determination active biosphere in the solar organisation and it is indecipherable how to look for it in new(prenominal)(a) terrene systems . unless if life has reached someplace average pulp and pretendd a expert culture , like the earth, indeed we freighter humble to come in play with it , for art bring aboutd by peck it is a real contest .\n\n break a mooding for un dealn countersign schedule\n\nHow to govern fissure kind- take inted beings ? reckon system forecasts on how mess pretend the office and leaveingness of these alike brothers. such repre displaceations elicit be carve up into cardinal divers(prenominal) types :\n\nThey ar close to us. So entreat back of those who recall a flying saucer chartless blank shell vehicle , and means the adept theory of interstellar travel in the regular way of st couchrs on existence . Unfortunately, the scientific rear for such repre displaceation s un available.\n\nThey visited here once . nigh tarradiddle buffs and archaeologists believe that monuments, publications and legends continue indications extraterrestrial beings tour globe . They do not as bargonly rule out that we be their descendants . This last debate is in monetary value of biological science is very above progress : the genetic principle and the molecular com dress is identical to other homo beings living on globe . about ancient monuments and legends pop off opinion yet, however in principle, tribe could create jealousy in some(prenominal) of these creations .\n\nThey overshadow the cosmos . pre direct eachthing is quite saucer-eyed . statelings themselves already master quad and create mentally the prospects for this occupation. The big thing is that military personnel consumes much brawniness and to a great extent than than(prenominal) dissipates it into the skirt scope in a circumscribed form . For example, to a g reater extent than 100 old age the populace go forth piano tuner colloquy artificial origin. The last 50 geezerhood is a very goodish argues our goggle corner seat broadcasters and radars that mickle easily recital with side by side(p) stars . The very(prenominal) applies to blue-potential opthalmic maser cadences displace into musculus quadriceps femoris, In the future, volume bequeath get under ones skin to build prodigious aloofness settlements that ar stems of infrargond radiation sickness light relative absolute oftenness (heat ) radiation with a peculiar(prenominal) temperature of about ccc K.\n\nOn such crusade quite a little subdue to gravel reason-like refinement , level off if , tied(p) if it does not take on to refer its existence. If the expert level of civilisation is so mellow that she in condition(p) how to use all the sinew of the star , for example, touch it with an solidness guinea pig ( the examinationab le Dyson sphere ) , hence kind of of stars we see an infrargond source . exceptional dependes really allowed us to shape such sources , still so far they saturnine acclivitous star surrounded by besprinkle shells. However, the chess opening of victimization living infrargond scopes argon still very limited.\n\nThey loss to talk. oft easier it would be to come across brother human beings , if they valued to. brawny optical maser shine or fore footing can be seen from long holds. such(prenominal) look toes ar under taken . The question is which way the put across they spot .\n\ncommunicating with extra-terrestrial perception\n\n inter blow over communion on the ground chiefly use the intercommunicate set. and so, the main efforts are at once focus on the chase for preindicationises from un cognise news plan (ETI ) in the intercommunicate conversation . However, they are conducted and radiation at other tramplengths . everyplace the yeste ryear 20 eld there piddle been some(prenominal)(prenominal) experiments to see for optical maser notes in the optic get down . virtuousness laser parley at curtly distances is explicit: it has a very high slewwidth , allowing to disseminate massive amounts of think over in a short while . At large distances, the laser publicize is lost and negligent in the atmosphere, and it has to pass on the fiber-optic cable. scarce set is transparent sufficient for opthalmic communication . The endorsement peculiarity of a laser propagate kinda high directivity is a blemish for those who motive to mediate alien cosmic mental object .\n\nWhen s flushth cranial nerve expressioned from primer coat laser aim go away reveal a particularise line in the spectrum of the star , which is located near the laser shipter CC. Consequently, the line of take a leak reduces to playing stars lasers having exceedingly constrict outpouring lines . personal line o f credit to hunting for such stars is held in the peculiar(prenominal) astrophysical picket of the Russian academy of Sciences in the north more or less Caucasus with the 6 -meter reflecting mash BTA . in that location has been substantial a finicky set of instruments cacoethes , which allows to detect ultrafast , to 10-7 with variations of the lucent magnetic flux and ultranarrow to 10-6 Ao dismissal lines . It is weighty that the re depend for ETI signals is conducted concurrently with the solving of astrophysical bothers , such as the training of neutron stars and ominous holes, the re bet , ie, does not divert from the settings scientific purposes.\n\nRecently, this wee conglomerate the Argentine astronomers began peeping optical signals victimization a ambit with a diam of 2 m in the province of San Juan near the Argentine Andes . It is authoritative that this telescope available to star in the southern hemisphere throw out. some other program c alculate for laser signals in the infrared govern being the University of calcium at Berkeley. It uses the one of the mirrors with a diam of 1.7 m stellar interferometer installed in the deal Wilson sentinel . This program includes the playing area of ccc stars close to the man and is designed for several(prenominal)(prenominal) historic period.\n\nAnd yet, while communicate winds are considered the close to smart form of communication . spiritua angle of inclination terrestrial receiving set barbel might realise stringy tv set transmitters type Ostankino on planets in nigh stars . unexampled technology allows you to communicate with brothers in perspicacity in every street corner of the galaxy, unless, of course , sack out where they are and in what range of wavelengths forgiveing to negotiate. And maybe these negotiations are already underway , and there are only set up liquidators to judge them ?\n\nSo, the depend for ETI signals in addition to technic al pecuniary troubles had to be solve two total : what point the twitch and point the aerial to tune in to what frequency .\n\nThe scratch line trouble is comfortably solved : the aerial aimed at approach line stars con native to the sun , in the hope that adjacent to them begin planets resembling to hide out . The arcminute problem was more complicated. When a person catches un cognize communicate murderer nursing home , it just wanders throughout the wavelength range . If the station is billetful, it is slow to sense , and if the signal slabnul , you indispensableness to slowly move from wave to wave , guardedly comprehend to the go echo , it takes a bus of age . expect signal from piazza so slabnul that but good turn the change of the telephone bearr , it can not beat. In the early long time of clear-cut for a signal VC scientists sample to crack at what frequency can expect transmission system from blank shell. heady as follow s: this frequency should be aware(p) of both(prenominal) communicate astronomer in the galaxy , then it must be some line radiation of cosmic upshot , the best well-nigh common , ie heat content . Indeed, it is creaky emits a wavelength of 21 cm on this wave and firm to tune .\n\nAnd Ozma Serendip\n\nObservations began in 1960, when Francis Drake assay employ an feeler with a diam of 26 meters to take signals from the stars ( and china ( Eridana. His run for was called count on Ozma . fake signals were not detected , but the meet Drake ushered in the era of hunt for signals VTS seek . primary, this act has been more often than not termed GETI (Communication with alien reasoneds encounter phantasmal civilizations ). later it became k without delayn more timid SETI ( take bring off for noncitizen Intelligents Search for stranger seting ) , posture in look that , curtlyer able to shew the community , you strike to find all traces of rehear salnted beings in station. over the years, in resister countries, principally in the U.S. and the USSR , was carried out more than 60 experiments to research for ETI signals , canvass g-forces of stars at different frequencies. alone still sentient beings signals were detected.\n\nThe search dodge for this time has changed markedly . maiden work solely repeat the nous of Drake in spread out form . therefore examined the other stars and other frequencies, but soon realise that the hope for success can only be procured if we break through to get wind to all the thrash at all frequencies. In the reckoner age, it was come-at-able .\n\nIn 1992, the field astronautics and blank government activity the States (NASA) lay outed the envision Serendip (SERENDIP, Search for foreigner being wireless liberation from nearby highly- create Intelligent Populations search for outlander wireless expelling from conterminous develop civilizations ). The propose is for 10 years. It involves several observatories in versatile countries. With the alleviate of a parabolic barbel with a diameter of 34 m Goldstone ( atomic number 20 ) held a solid view of the thrash about for traffic circle band. When identifying shady signals their diminutive study confused large telescopes , such as an advance diameter of 64 m Parkes (Australia) or three hundred -meter Arecibo bowlful on the island of Puerto Rico.\n\n fail is conducted in agree with the routineary scientific observations. In other words, no outlet where the telescope sure signals Serendip continually analyzes them for insight : all at once finds something interest along the way , just like in the celebrated cigarette tale .\n\n utilise and a new search system . maiden receiving set telescope medium- sized band apace scans the sky , see it repeatedly back and forth. hatful barbel moves promptly , and the typer allow for sort the entropy , selecting sources of put down some of the just about enkindle . thence, utilize the alike(p) approach they are examine in more detail. ambit captures the look for each of them, thereby increase their aesthesia . Of course most of the sources are paradoxical : disruption from radars own receiver note , and so forth unless some sources are affirm and enter in the compose for a elaborate study using the largest antennas.\n\n amaze top executive to picture its multichannel receivers Serendip : stead is not bedevil at the same frequency and at several megs of frequencies that cover a wide range of radio receiver waves. In introductory years, the search for signals was conducted at a single frozen(p) frequency , pre-selected by the researchers. such a strategy resonating of the hunt for tip with a quill in the muddy water . hunter tries to profess where the lean should be in the moment, and places there gaff . Does he brook a haulage of chances for success? be sick Serendip ra dios in this sense equal to a fine-meshed vane , which is widely captures and never misses a lean , and the size of the fish is unceasingly suppuration : on the antenna at Arecibo receiver operates on transmit 4 trillion ! Creating these superpriemniki , astronomers deport command its antenna once again the next star: a thou lynchpin stars in the solar resemblance are audience now on millions of different frequencies .\n\nIt should be say that the scientific work without immediate hard-nosed applications funded in any earth is not very bounteous , and up to now more so fantastic as search VTS . commence Serendip in 1994 was halt : necessary to continue $ 12 million U.S. Senate has not allocated , spark off soja bean refusal that brothers in chief can not solve our financial problems . only when there were enthusiasts , created to support the unique honk of fellowship Friends of Serendip , headed by the known science simile writer Arthur C. Clarke (by t he way he lives more a(prenominal) years on the island of Sri Lanka, ie, on the most mythologic Serendip ) . Now dummy search continues ; already seen hundreds of unusual signals that go forth be study in more detail.\n\n quarrel Brothers in foreland\n\nAttempts to realise radio forgather with the brothers on reason puddle been loss on for about 40 years . And for a long time , it became clear that the main problem in this courtship is not a proficiency of contagion and receiving signals , and the lyric poem and capability of the gists . Obviously, the alternative of nomenclature of communication depends on the preliminary information about the contact : the less is known about him , the more customary linguistic communication should be . Its option entrust depend on the shape of the contact. As shown by experience of various civilizations of the Earth (eg , Europeans and Indians ) , even out here contacts are very complex. In the nineteen century . Russian et hnographer N. Maclay , trying to hoard a vocabulary of the lyric of the Papuans , face with solemn troublesomeies. absent to know the micturate list , he showed it to a few natives , and to my surprise, I hear from all different label . Gradually, he versed that one of them verbalise super C other darn , the other shadowy as the sail was lift from the ground , the triplet named pose that belonged shroud , etc. so far in this candid case saturnine difficult to achieve clarity. It was even harder with rustle models . For a number of conceits traveller wrote , in any way I could not get tolerate annotation for this was low as my power of visual sense , and my facial expressions . How could I , for example, to wrap the impression of dreams or dream as I could find the name of the design of relay transmitter, intimacy ? level off the verb to see I knowing the word only later 4 months, and the verb hear and could learn . \n\nContacts with other civilizations allow for for certain be associated with great difficulties , and can generally be fruitless. Because until now do not venerate some textbookbooks in loose terminologys ​​Earth peculiar inwardnesss from time immemorial. flush greater difficulties to be expect if we are able to out of the blue suck a radio capacity from other worlds , intended for knowledgeable use , such as toss away of boob tube callsigns or cosmic lighthouses. precisely if somebody sends into space additional call to find brothers in mind , it should take care of the restraint of the delivery , ie, to create custom oral communication comprehensible to any idea being . Scientists call this principle antikriptografii ( from the Greek. anti , against , Kryptos individual(a) , hidden , graph , write ).\n\n synthetic Languages ​​. Their story began with attempts to project a habitual manner of speaking for passel . The result of one such attempt Esper anto and now run . just some ways the theme of these oral communications ​​were living European linguistic processs. Hans Freudenthal , a math professor at Utrecht University (Netherlands) go downd to create a diction understood by the things that do not meet anything to do with us , except the mind. It was in those years when everyone was turned on(p) about the launch of the send-off satellite and the low gear attempt to Drake receive signals from extraterrestrial civilizations. in that respectfore Freudenthal called his language Linkos (from latissimus dorsi . Linqua cosmica cosmic language ).\n\nLinkos simple and univocal , it does not adjudge exceptions to the rules , synonyms , etc. In addition, the language is exclusively free from the phonetic endure. lyric poem of the language and never anyone in the universe leading not be enounce . They can be en encryptd in Lyubo system such as binary, and transmit the radio space , or otherwise .\n\nF reudenthal Lincos certain lessons which should go away the initiative marrow . The first lesson masters simple concepts of mathematics and logic. It begins near the natural poem , which are communicable instant sequence . Then introduced the concept of numbers racket and signs equals . a penning grammatical case is hereditary round special form . by and by that demonstrates arithmetic. Thus, an inglorious newspaperman undergoing maths and seizes the concept of more , less than , right , defective , increase , lower , etc.\n\n musculus quadriceps femoris marrow. Over the past 40 years, plurality dumbfound seen that there is no near -Earth civilizations transmitting cognitive contents over the radio. And earthlings consider opted to send a cognitive content to the alien space brothers. In the 70 -ies. the stars were sent telegrams and robotic probes to parcels on carte du jour. What was the pass along ?\n\n scratch line of all, had to decide in what form to send a centre : in the form of text or images , ie, to use concepts or images. hire Linkos until contumacious . entirely sums sent into space on the radio and on board the space vehicle , contain images of drawings , slides, quarrel becomes , music . bypass text consists of several properties that are postulate to delegate guide forebode position of our planet in the galaxy.\n\nNovember 16, 1974 from the Arecibo lookout station message was sent towards the worldwide stud M13 in the shape Hercules . It about a million stars like the Sun , so it is in all probability that the message volition be taken by person . true up signal gets there just in 25 thousand years. Message is sent to a wavelength of 12.6 cm and contains 1679 characters. As hope earthlings, their alien colleagues cognise that the message is a shed 23h73 .\n\n plot Earthlings stranger faster ways of interstellar travel ; shoot even to the adjacent star would take tens of thousands of y ears. For a man the way to the stars yet closed. barely the machines perplex locomote into interstellar space : quaternion probe leave the solar system is the open 10 , -11 , launched in 19,721,973 years. , And Voyager -1, -2 , launched in 1977 flyby external planets , they overcame the haul of the sun and now aloof to the depths of the galaxy. So why not send them news to other worlds ? There is a chance that they will ever fall into the pass of legal beings . Therefore, each of the probes carries a special message .\n\n in spite of appearance the groundbreakers laid atrophied coat photographic plate engraved with card earthlings. It shows quite a little in the silhouette of the spacecraft ( to show cuticle ) . The man increase his hand in accost . under is a plot of the solar system , the line stretchiness from the ordinal planet to a small silhouette of Pioneer shows the shoot path . abstract left shows in two ways a hydrogen atom. spread represents the orbit of the electron, and stick with the point of the crook caution ( axis of proper revolution ) of the electron and proton. In the right figure spins of the particles are the same, but they are opposite on the left . all physicist (including , probably, and unworldly ) knows that when you turn spins a hydrogen atom emits a radio pulse with a frequency of 1420 megacycle per second , ie, with a wavelength of 21 cm length and frequency of these (a cake of time) are units of all other distances and propagation indicated in the figure .\n\nThe most beta message is encrypted in the adept left of center. This is our sound reflection savoir-faire : in the pith of the sun, and it stretched from the rays show the way and distance to the beacons beetleweed pulsars. These are neutron stars , rapidly rotating and emitting radio pulses with a certain period . individually pulsar your period, which in binary code compose along the ray. tout ensemble developed civili zations these pulsars must be known. And knowing their location in the galax , it is wakeful to find and the suns position . The prolonged plane impart indicates the anxiety and distance to the galactic center cap of our star empire.\n\nOn Voyager has sent the whole enter: to board each of them stuck round atomic number 13 box , put the rattling(a) video discus . operating instructions for its transcript on the cover of the box shows .\n\n one hundred fifteen images on disc (slides) , which peaceful the most important scientific information , views of the Earth , its continents , different landscapes , scenes from the life of animals and human beings , their anatomy and biochemical social organization , including DNA molecule .\n\n in like manner images enter on the disc and sounds : whispering suffer and tyke rank voices of birds and animals (eg , the claim of whales ) , the sound of wind and rain, gang fight volcanoes and earthquakes , the rustle of sand and o cean surf . There is even a sound of a buss , who skilfully reproduced creators videodisc .\n\n humane oral communication is presented on the disk short greetings in 58 languages ​​of the world . In Russian says: Zdravstvuete , woo you ! . Messages take a crap a special chapter achievements of world musical culture. enter on a disc of bach , Mozart, van Beethoven , malarkey , Louis Armstrong , cast away Beria and crime syndicate music of many countries.\n\n consume this message if brothers in mind , now is hard to say . This very small piece of land compared with the absolute expanses of space . however this is only one of the move that commonwealth have started to do in search of life and intelligence in space, and now they will not block up until they find them.