Subduction The Sinking of Tectonic Plates

Subduction, Latin for carried under, is a term used for a specific type of plate interaction. It happens when one lithospheric plate meets another—that is, in  convergent zones—and the denser plate sinks down into the mantle. How Subduction Happens Continents are made up of rocks that are too buoyant to be carried much farther than about 100 kilometers deep. So when a continent meets a continent, no subduction occurs (instead, the plates collide and thicken). True subduction happens only to oceanic lithosphere. When oceanic lithosphere meets continental lithosphere, the continent always stays on top while the oceanic plate subducts.  When two oceanic plates meet, the older plate subducts.   Oceanic lithosphere is formed hot and thin at mid-ocean ridges and grows thick as more rock hardens underneath it. As it moves away from the ridge, it cools. Rocks shrink as they cool, so the plate becomes more dense and sits lower than younger, hotter plates. Therefore, when two plates meet, the younger, higher plate has an edge and does not sink. Oceanic plates do not float on the asthenosphere like ice on water—they are more like sheets of paper on water, ready to sink as soon as one edge can start the process. They are gravitationally unstable. Once a plate begins to subduct, gravity takes over. A descending plate is usually referred to as a slab. Where very old seafloor is being subducted, the slab falls almost straight down, and where younger plates are being subducted, the slab descends at a shallow angle. Subduction, in the form of gravitational slab pull, is thought to be the largest force driving plate tectonics. At a certain depth, the high pressure turns the basalt in the slab to a denser rock, eclogite (that is, a feldspar-pyroxene mixture becomes garnet-pyroxene). This makes the slab even more eager to descend. Its a mistake to picture subduction as a sumo match, a battle of plates in which the top plate forces the lower one down. In many cases its more like jiu-jitsu: the lower plate is actively sinking as the bend along its front edge works backward (slab rollback), so that the upper plate is actually sucked over the lower plate. This explains why there are often zones of stretching, or crustal extension, in the upper plate at subduction zones. Ocean Trenches and Accretionary Wedges Where the subducting slab bends downward, a deep-sea trench forms. The deepest of these is the Mariana Trench, at over 36,000 feet below sea level. Trenches capture a lot of sediment from nearby land masses, much of which is carried down along with the slab. In about half the worlds trenches, some of that sediment is instead scraped off. It remains on top as a wedge of material, known as an accretionary wedge or prism,  like snow in front of a plow. Slowly, the trench is pushed offshore as the upper plate grows.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ Volcanoes, Earthquakes and the Pacific Ring of Fire Once subduction begins, the materials on top of the slab—sediments, water, and delicate minerals—are carried down with it. The water, thick with dissolved minerals, rises into the upper plate. There, this chemically active fluid enters an energetic cycle of volcanism and tectonic activity.  This process forms arc volcanism and is sometimes known as the subduction factory. The rest of the slab keeps descending and leaves the realm of plate tectonics.   Subduction also forms some of Earths  most powerful earthquakes. Slabs normally subduct at a rate of a few centimeters per year, but sometimes the crust may stick and cause strain. This stores potential energy, which releases itself as an earthquake whenever the weakest point along the fault ruptures. Subduction earthquakes can be very powerful, as the faults they occur along have a very large surface area to accumulate strain. The Cascadia Subduction Zone off the coast of northwest North America, for example, is over 600 miles long. A magnitude ~9 earthquake occurred along this zone in 1700 AD, and seismologists think the area may see another one soon.   Subduction-caused volcanism and earthquake activity occur frequently along the outer edges of the Pacific Ocean in an area known as the Pacific Ring of Fire. In fact, this area has seen the eight most powerful earthquakes ever recorded  and is home to over 75 percent of the worlds active and dormant volcanoes.   Edited by Brooks Mitchell

The Outcomes Of The Adoption Of Children With Special Needs

The outcomes of the adoption of children with special needs, Rosenthal stated,† â€Å"that Barth and Berry concluded,† that adoption offers far more stability and benefits than long-term foster care replacement.’ â€Å"Indeed, stability may be the greatest advantage of adoption.† â€Å"Risks increase with age.† The Colorado Department of Social Service from 1981 to 1984, the mean age of children whose adoption were disrupted was 8.8 years, while that for children whose adoptions remained intact was 4.4 years. Rosenthal says,† Urban Systems Research estimated the national disruption rate for special needs children being between six percent and twenty percent. Rosenthal stated, â€Å"that Kadushin and Martin studies of disruptions of infant, 34,499 placements†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Even children adopted in infancy have been found to have moderately higher risks for having a disruptive behavior disorder as adolescents† (Keyes, Sharma, Elkins, Iacono and McGue, 2008). â€Å"Clinics specializing in the physical health needs of adopted children have been established in many large cities, making adoption medicine a new specialty† (Nicholson, 2002; Tuller, 2001). Analysis of the 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health found that adopted children are more likely than biological children (i.e., children living with at least one biological parent) to have special health care needs, moderate or severe health problems, developmental delay or physical impairment, learning disability, and other mental health difficulties. Parents of adopted children were more than five times more likely than parents of biological children to report ever being told that their child had a developmental delay or physical impairment (16% versus 3%). Rosenthal states, that Bramlett, Radel, and Blumberg in 2007 study says, â€Å"nearly 20% of adopted children were reported by their parents to have moderate to severe current health problems compared with 7% of bi ological children, and 37% of adopted children had special health care needs as compared with 17% of biologicalShow MoreRelatedAdoption Essay 151044 Words   |  5 PagesAdoption When a person decides to adopt, he takes the responsibility of raising a child who is not biologically his own. There are various reasons why people decide to adopt. Some say adoption is the best thing for certain children and many successful stories prove it to be true. However, there are also numerous tragic reports of adopted children being abused. Basically, what adoption meant, and still means, is that someone (the adoptive couple) is promising to assume all responsibilitiesRead MoreChild Welfare And The Foster Care System Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pages000 children were in foster care, but a series of successful reforms, began with that year s Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, dramatically decreased the number of children in foster care. But in the early 1990s, with the advent of crack cocaine and an economic recession numbers went back up. Child welfare advocates say the foster care system is in need of changes so that children spend less time in foster placement s America’s child welfare systems needs an improvement. Some children inRead MoreAdoption For Children And Families1734 Words   |  7 PagesBethany for Children and Families offers a variety of programs, but adoption is one of the most beneficial to those in the community in both Iowa and Illinois. Bethany offers infant, special needs, domestic, and international adoption services to families. Other services offered with adoption include; recruitment, screening, licensing, placement, case management, counseling and support services to birth parents placing a child for adoption, and post-adoptive services for adoptees, adoptive parentsRead MoreBest Practices for Implementing Post-Adoption and Wrap Services for International Adoptive Families680 Words   |  3 PagesAdoptive Families are special; they have a desire to grow their families by reaching out to children that need homes. These families face many unique challenges, but also receive many rewards, associated with the decision to adopt. These challenges continue for many families, through the process of adoption, legal finalization, and for many years post-adoption. The challenges are different in many ways from those faced by biological parents. Adoptive parents not only face the normal challenges facedRead MoreExamples Of Persuasive Speech On Adoption882 Words   |  4 Pagesmeeting that special someone, fall in love, and get married. Now you and your spouse decide that your ready to start a family. After multiple times of trying and help with many medications prescribed by your doctor or specialist there is still no children. You become discouraged and start to feel like your marriage is being strained because of stress and pressure to get pregnant. A few years pass but your constantly reminded of your infertility when you see friends and family with their children. And thenRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemm Abortion Essay1233 Words   |  5 Pagesof the fetus, or give birth to a baby that will ne ed special care for his/her entire life. Therefore, in this case scenario there are limited solutions; other than choosing to abort or keep the baby, the mother could also consider giving the baby for adoption as a plan. These three alternatives may be subjected to moral judgements since abortion is a form of killing, bring life to the world without the proper care is a form of negligence, and adoption could be seen as form of abandonment. Core BeliefsRead MoreAdoption For A Child s Life1609 Words   |  7 Pagesattend about any adoption agency as well as seminar of professionals or child-seeking parents and normally the attendees present are female. The ideal question focuses on the adoptive fathers’ role in the child’s life and if his role should be overlooked. In order to understand a fathers’ role whether birth or adoptive, one must understand each man’s route to adoption, unique circumstances, and characteristics (Siegal, 2003). Nonetheless, there are many different routes to adoption as well as thereRead MoreThe Center For Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesself-esteem (â€Å"Psychosocial Adjustment, School Outcomes, and Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With Same-Sex Parents†, 2004). â€Å"As expected, multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) revealed no differences in adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment, which included depressive symptoms, anxiety, and self-esteem, between off- spring of same-sex couples and offspring of comparison families headed by opposite-sex couples† (â€Å"Psychosocial Adjustment, School Outcomes, and Romantic Relationships of AdolescentsRead MoreBaby Girl versus Adoptive Couple Essay1552 Words   |  7 PagesThere was a court case, Baby Girl v. Adoptive Couple, in which a child who was partially Cherokee Indian, because of her father, and Hispanic, because of her mother. The adoption of Baby Girl was a difficult one due to the fact that she has an ancestry of Cherokee Indian. Therefore, under the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), the adoption of Baby Girl seemed impossible because Biological Father had the right to have custody of his child, Baby Girl, if he chose to. So, the court greatly sees that by givingRead MoreFe deral Law That Mandates Special Education For Children With Disabilities972 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1975, congress enacted the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (Kritzer, 2012, p. 53), which was later renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act is a federal law that mandates special education for children with disabilities. IDEA requires public schools to provide students with disabilities a Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE). LRE requires school districts to educate

Transportation Carrier Relationship Management & Criteria

Question: Write an essay onTransportation. Answer: Introduction Transportation of input supplies and the finished goods play a vital role in the logistics and supply chain management of an organization. It is obligatory to endorse transportation, timely and effectively for the growth of a company in the market. Other than the economic benefits of managing transportation effectively, it also has social and political significance. Consumers now days are more inclined towards companies that are socially responsible in designing their strategies. Thus, it has become an important facet for most of the companies to choose the right strategy for transportation and make it a success. In this paper, the effectiveness of different aspects of transportation will be analyzed for a selected company (Aslani Aslani, 2012). One of the foremost brands in the beverage industry, Coca-Cola has been selected for this study. It is an American beverage corporation that is operational in many nations. Its headquarters is located in Atlanta, Georgia. This organization manufactures and markets beverage syrups and concentrates. It was invented by John Stith Pemberton in 1886. The company produces a number of soft drinks and juices in many flavors. Coca-cola is one of the most selling brands in many countries and has been documented as a global brand. The companys global 2015 revenue is approx 44,294 Million US Dollars. Other than coca-cola brand, it has a range of other products which are well known such as Diet Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Minute Maid, Dasani, Powerade, etc. Companys major competitors in the market are PepsiCo, Nestle Tea, Monster Beverage, etc (Gupta, 2011). The organizations mission is to refresh the world, to inspire moments of happiness, create value and make a difference. Major strategies of Coca-Co la Co. are branding, being focused and working efficiently. Being innovative is the key step responsible for companys progress and profitability. Incoterm Selection Consideration Incoterms are the set of pre-defined terms issued by the international chamber of commerce. To make the company a success, it is a fundamental feature to make sure that the product reaches consumers effectively in the best of its position at an effective cost. The whole transportation process needs to be checked to ensure proper delivery of goods. Coca-Cola is a company with strong principles and ethics. The transportation strategy followed by Coca-Cola is standardized globally to maintain efficiency and manage freight status at an economical cost. The distribution channel of Coca-Cola is well planned and implemented. The wholesale buyers and retailers prefer the brand to attain success associated with it. Coca-Cola is associated with a huge number of bottles globally (Huderek-Glapska Nowak, 2016). The company produces syrup concentrates and distributes it to its partner bottlers in different geographic locations. Bottlers then further make drinks with other standard ingredients and distribute to retailers.Coca-Cola manages the core areas efficiently to utilize the resources. The global process assists in the management of demand and supply. Pre-defined wholesalers and bottlers get the delivery at desired warehouses, locations or countries based on predetermined demand. The selection process is an imperative part of executing transportation process. The certain modes of transportation are followed by the company as per Incoterms 2010 (Jolayemi, 2010)Being a global brand, Coca-Cola has longer supply lines including multiple partners, offshore manufacturing and off coast locations, thus an effective system is required to avoid any unplanned risks and loss. Being a successful firm, appropriate Incoterms should be exercised to make the transportation and supply process an accomplishment. The supply chain management should determine the demand at first and then arrange for the transportation of goods accordingly. Supplier selection should be done via appropriate ev aluation system considering both quantitative and qualitative aspects (Merkert, 2012). The selection process plays a critical part in the process that forms the base for the prosperity and survival of a firm in a competitive market. The contract terms should be mentioned correctly, including CIP- Carriage and Insurance paid to terms, delivery duty and delivery terminal, etc. The clauses for which Incoterms will be considered should be pre-defined including details of the party maintaining liability during force situation, if any. As per recent International commerce Terms 2010, FCA Free Carrier term is an important rule to consider (Burgess et al., 2015). As per this, the seller delivers the products to the carrier and clear delivery point is mentioned in advance. Further risk passes on to the buyer. Other than this, there are diverse modes for transportation to be used during the entire process. Carrier Selection Criteria Before a company delivers its products to the wholesalers or retailers, it is mandatory to examine and select an effective method of transportation, a competent carrier to move the goods in an efficient manner, avoiding the possible risks and damages so that consumers get the best products at a right time and competent rate. The selection process should be potential and it should be evaluated periodically to avoid any loss and to manage the performance (Smith Smith, 2001). Coca-cola is a big brand with its presence in more than 200 countries, so its transportation process should be very effective and smooth. Wrong or damaged delivery at any point can cause huge damage to the firm in the monetary terms as well as brand loyalty and goodwill (Sahling Kayser, 2016) Different types of carriers should be selected based on the geographic location of the delivery hub. Once the demand has been evaluated, the right product should be delivered at the right place. Various points to be consider ed while selecting a carrier for the transportation of specific goods such as: Comparison of available options All the alternatives should be evaluated on the basis of speed, shipment characteristics, reliability, service and the applicable costs.All the factors including traffic, service and geographic locations should be judged closely.Traffic related issues that affect the efficiency of a carrier can be the length of haul, freight weight; value, product packaging, and handling characteristics along with goods perish ability, toxicity, and fragility.Shipping factors may be investments, the size of the firm, distribution systems, management structure, and evaluation process.Other features that are service related can also affect the carrier effectiveness like cost, speed, consistency, accessibility, and customer relationship, etc.The carrier selection should be based on the goal that it should meet the requirements of the company, customers, and economy (Bisignano et al., 2013). Before the selection, the social and environmental factors should be considered to avoid any damage caused by the carrier to the surrounding.Cost is one of the major concerns of any firm which should be managed effectively.Resource consumption is also a major factor that needs to be checked so the carrier should not pose any sort of threat to the economy of the country of operation.The carrier selected should be able to deliver the products in the remote areas along with the urban that will in turn help company gain brand loyalty.The global beverage giant selects the carriers very carefully to build a strong and sustainable system. The companys goal is to maintain a shipper-carrier relationship. As the beverage business is volatile in nature, the correct information needs to be shared with the partner carriers. The demand should be met timely to create goodwill among consumers (Collier, 2014). Small issues need to be concentrated on instead of big problems at first level. The systema tic selection procedure is one the best ways to choose the right carrier for a company. The factors that directly affect the carrier selection should be identified at first. Different modes should be embarked on to reduce the applicable costs. Equipment innovation should also be considered to make the process more effective. Instead of looking for a carrier hire, the company looks into the collaboration opportunity with other shippers. As per current policy followed by Coca-Cola, Oracle Transportation Management has been selected to manage all the inbound transportations between suppliers and the firm plants. Collaboration has been done with more than 20 carriers who transport goods between the plants and bottling partners globally (Sundar, 2012). Carrier Relationship Management Any big firm needs to provide good carrier services and value the partner carriers. The fundamental job of carriers is to do all transportation related jobs. The organization and the transport partner should share a commitment to their jobs and sort out any arising problems jointly. Good behavior, trust, and effective communication are mandatory to make transportation process successful. Transportation success provides values to a companys clients and maintains its goodwill. A healthy relationship between a supplier and a carrier can be maintained by considering requirements and expectations of both ends. When a carrier understands and meets the requirements outlined by the supplier and the shipper comprehends and satisfies the demands of a carrier, then only good relation can be formed and maintained. A list of requirements from both shipper and carriers has been mentioned below for better understanding such as Service Performance, Price, Damage claim ratio, General rate increase, a nd Customer service etc. Similarly, the carrier expects negotiable pricing, volume, accessibility, and waits time etc. from the shipper. Companies can develop a sound relationship among shipper-carrier through several ways. Coca-Cola announces carrier of the year annually to strengthen their bond with the partner carriers. Illustrating US carriers, Coyote Logistics got Core Carrier of the year award 2014, it can be explained easily that carrier relationship can be managed effectively. This program by Coca-Cola consists of a number of transportation providers (Foster, 2014). Other than this, the challenger carrier of the year award is offered to the carrier that provides national service footprint and this award in 2014 has been granted to Heyl Truck Lines.In order to perk up the transportation process, an effective logistical process is required. If the transportation capacity of an organization holds back, it ultimately affects the companys performance in the market. Any relationsh ip is based on the information shared between two parties. An honest conversation between the shipper and carrier is very important to meet the operational demands. Coca-Cola being a huge organization has a number of carrier partners. The relationship among these can be established by keeping a clear and concise conversation. (Torres-Mach et al., 2015) For example, quarterly or semi-annual meetings can be arranged to discuss various aspects of transportation. A source should be kept open for suggestions from carriers regarding size, weight, and packaging of products. Various ways by which shipper-carrier relationship can be managed effectively are discussed below in this paper. Acknowledge supply and demand Study the changing demand and supply timely and adjust the rates accordingly. Seasons for sales should also be considered (Goehlich Rcker, 2005). Be informed and knowledgeable Keep updated about changing trends and global market issues. Be in touch with internet updates, reports, and blogs regarding company and products. Know the needs of your business and industry. Educate staffConstantly educate and train the staff about the current requirements of the industry. Attend essential meetings, seminars, and training to understand the carrier demands efficiently.Results managementKeep updated about current market trends and economic conditions. Evaluate the performance and results timely to keep a check on the loss. Review the contract terms, rates and targets time to time (Wagner, 2013). Conclusion As discussed in the statement, transportation is a fundamental key to the success of any organization. The distribution process is incomplete without a successful transportation process. The companies that operate globally need a more effective way of transportation to meet companys goals and customer satisfaction. Various modes of transportation and carriers need to be used for the process. The transportation system should be managed effectively to reduce costs and deliver products timely and productively (Baird Stammer Jr., 2000). The system should be properly designed and placed so that suppliers, intermediates, and customers all get benefited from it. Other than this, the company should follow the international commerce terms to meet its goals. There should be an effective plan to choose the right carrier for the goods based on market demands and kind of customers. A strong relationship should be built between the shipper and the carrier to make the transportation process a succ ess. References Aslani, A. Aslani, F. (2012). Application of fuzzy AHP approach to selection of organizational structure with consideration to contextual dimensions. Organizacija, 45(5). Baird, M. Stammer Jr., R. (2000). Measuring the Performance of State Transportation Agencies: Three Perspectives. Transportation Research Record: Journal Of The Transportation Research Board, 1729, 26-34. Bisignano, A., Kumar, N., Prates, R., Munne, S., Grifo, J., Hoffman, D. (2013). An analysis of comprehensive carrier screening results for 1000 clinical samples: the importance of transparent disease classification criteria for selection. Fertility And Sterility, 100(3), S47. Burgess, S., Kriegel, R., Koros, W. (2015). Carbon Dioxide Sorption and Transport in Amorphous Poly(ethylene furanoate). Macromolecules, 48(7), 2184-2193. Collier, K. (2014). A Case Study on Corporate Peace: The Coca-Cola Company: Coke Studio Pakistan.Business, Peace And Sustainable Development, 2014(2), 75-94. Foster, R. (2014). Corporat ions as Partners: Connected Capitalism and The Coca-Cola Company.Polar, 37(2), 246-258. Gevers, A. Dartnall, E. (2016). Violence prevention: Consideration for selection and implementation.South African Crime Quarterly, (51). Goehlich, R. Rcker, U. (2005). Low-cost management aspects for developing, producing and operating future space transportation systems. Acta Astronautica, 56(1-2), 337-346. Gupta, S. (2011). MIR talks to Stan Sthanunathan, Vice President of Marketing Strategy and Insights, Coca-Cola Company. Gfk Marketing Intelligence Review, 3(1). Huderek-Glapska, S. Nowak, H. (2016). Airport and low-cost carrier business relationship management as a key factor for airport continuity: The evidence from Poland. Research In Transportation Business Management.Jolayemi, J. (2010). Optimum Production-Distribution and Transportation Planning in Three-Stage Supply Chains. IJBM, 5(12). Merkert, R. (2012). Research in transportation business and management. Research In Transportatio n Business Management, 4, 1-2. Sahling, F. Kayser, A. (2016). Strategic supply network planning with vendor selection under consideration of risk and demand uncertainty. Omega, 59, 201-214. Smith, B. Smith, B. (2001). Configuration Management in Transportation Management Systems: Evaluation of Need. Transportation Research Record: Journal Of The Transportation Research Board, 1748, 103-109. Sundar, D. (2012). Unleashing the Entrepreneurial Potential of Women:initiative of Coca Cola Company. GJRA, 3(8), 1-3. Torres-Mach, C., Chamorro, A., Pellicer, E., Yepes, V., Videla, C. (2015). Sustainable Pavement Management. Transportation Research Record: Journal Of The Transportation Research Board,2523, 56-63. Wagner, J. (2013). Measuring Performance of Public Engagement in Transportation Planning.Transportation Research Record: Journal Of The Transportation Research Board, 2397, 38-44.